跳转至

计算机英语

Tip

课后习题答案

  1. 计算机科学兴起于20世纪40年代,是一门相对年轻的学科。计算机科学可以被看作一门解决问题的科学,与其他学科有着密切的关联。工程学、农学、商科、医学及其他学科的很多问题都可以通过计算机得到有效解决。迄今为止,对计算机科学各个领域的研究已经衍生出许多新的学科,其中既有各种理论研究性的学科,也有实际操作性的学科,主要分为五个方面:软件开发、计算机结构或硬件研究、人机交互、人工智能以及机器人研究。
    Computer science emerged in the 1940s as a relatively young discipline. It can be seen as a science of problem-solving, closely related to many other fields. Numerous problems in engineering, agriculture, business, medicine, and other disciplines can be effectively addressed through computing. To date, research in various areas of computer science has given rise to many new sub-disciplines, encompassing both theoretical and practical domains. These primarily fall into five categories: software development, computer architecture or hardware research, human-computer interaction, artificial intelligence, and robotics.

  2. 数据指的是一些未经处理的资源,包括文档、数字、图片、音频和视频等。计算机对这些数据进行加工,把它们变成能够传达意义的信息,对人们有所用处。计算机可以存储海量数据,并能随时按需对其进行处理。计算机内的数据、指令和信息都保存在存储媒介上,像优盘、硬盘、云盘等都属于存储媒介。计算机上的存储设备把数据写进存储媒介的过程是输出过程。同样,存储设备从存储媒介里读取数据的过程是输入的过程。
    Data refers to unprocessed resources, including documents, numbers, images, audio, and video. Computers process this data to transform it into meaningful information that is useful to people. Computers can store vast amounts of data and process it as needed at any time. Data, instructions, and information within a computer are stored on storage media, such as USB drives, hard disks, and cloud drives. The process by which a computer’s storage device writes data to storage media is an output process. Similarly, the process by which a storage device reads data from storage media is an input process.

  3. 超级Application(App)是指以社交或打车应用软件为基础,提供数百万个小程序的应用软件。例如,在使用社交软件时打开电商的小程序,就可以像使用普通软件一样购物。还可以通过小程序支付、订餐、购物、预订酒店等。小程序无须下载。对于提供App的企业而言,小程序比下载麻烦的普通程序更容易增加获得用户的机会。
    A super application (App) is an application software based on social or ride-hailing apps that provides millions of mini-programs. For example, when using a social media app, you can open an e-commerce mini-program and shop just as you would with a regular app. You can also make payments, order meals, shop, book hotels, and more through mini-programs. Mini-programs do not require downloading. For companies that provide apps, mini-programs make it easier to gain user opportunities compared to ordinary programs that require downloading.

  4. 算法,简单来说就是解决问题的步骤。算法与我们的日常生活息息相关,不管有意还是无意,我们实际上经常使用不同算法解决各种问题。算法是程序和软件的灵魂,常用的基础算法有选择排序、插入排序、快速排序、堆排序、线性查找、二分查找等。一个懂数据结构和算法的人,在实际编程中会选择适当的数据结构来解决相应的问题,这会极大地提高程序的性能。
    An algorithm, simply put, is a set of steps for solving a problem. Algorithms are closely related to our daily lives; whether intentionally or unintentionally, we often use various algorithms to solve different problems. Algorithms are the soul of programs and software. Common basic algorithms include selection sort, insertion sort, quick sort, heap sort, linear search, binary search, and so on. A person who understands data structures and algorithms will choose appropriate data structures to solve corresponding problems in actual programming, which greatly improves program performance.

  5. 软件工程是一门详细研究软件设计、开发和维护的工程,其目的是生产出高效、持久、可扩展、预算内和准时的软件产品。使用软件工程原理和方法开发软件产品的过程被称为软件演进,包括对软件的初始开发、持续的维护和更新,以满足现实环境中最新的需求。软件工程的需求来自软件的可扩展性、动态性、软件规模和成本的变化以及质量管理的需要。
    Software engineering is a discipline that studies the design, development, and maintenance of software in detail, aiming to produce software products that are efficient, durable, scalable, and delivered within budget and on time. The process of developing software products using software engineering principles and methods is called software evolution, which includes the initial development of software, continuous maintenance, and updates to meet the latest requirements in real-world environments. The need for software engineering arises from requirements related to software scalability, dynamics, changes in software size and cost, and the need for quality management.

  6. 数据结构是计算机存储、组织数据的方式。数据结构是指相互之间存在一种或多种特定关系的数据元素的集合。它研究的是数据的逻辑结构、数据的物理结构以及它们之间的相互关系,并对这种结构定义相适应的运算,设计出相应的算法,并确保经过这些运算以后所得到的新结构仍保持原来的结构类型。通常情况下,精心选择的数据结构可以带来更高的运行或者存储效率。数据结构往往同高效的检索算法和索引技术有关。
    A data structure is a way for computers to store and organize data. A data structure refers to a collection of data elements that have one or more specific relationships with each other. It studies the logical structure of data, the physical structure of data, and the relationships between them, defines suitable operations for this structure, designs corresponding algorithms, and ensures that the new structure resulting from these operations retains the original structure type. Typically, carefully chosen data structures can lead to higher operational or storage efficiency. Data structures are often associated with efficient retrieval algorithms and indexing techniques.

  7. 从整体上来说,计算机网络就是把分布在不同地理区域的计算机与专门的外部设备用通信线路互联成一个规模大、功能强的系统,从而使众多的计算机可以方便地互相传递信息,共享硬件、软件、数据信息等资源。简单来说,计算机网络就是由通信线路互相连接的许多自主工作的计算机构成的集合体。最简单的计算机网络就只有两台计算机和连接它们的一条链路,即两个节点和一条链路。
    Overall, a computer network connects computers distributed across different geographic regions and specialized external devices through communication lines into a large, powerful system, enabling many computers to conveniently exchange information and share resources such as hardware, software, and data. Simply put, a computer network is a collection of many autonomously working computers interconnected by communication lines. The simplest computer network consists of just two computers and a single link connecting them—that is, two nodes and one link.

  8. 人工智能是计算机科学的一个分支,它的目的是了解智能的实质,并生产出一种新的、能以和人类智能相似的方式作出反应的智能机器,该领域的研究包括机器人、语言识别、图像识别、自然语言处理和专家系统等。人工智能从诞生以来,其理论和技术日益成熟,应用领域也不断扩大,可以设想,未来人工智能带来的科技产品,将会是人类智慧的“容器”。人工智能不是人的智能,但能像人那样思考,也可能超过人的智能。
    Artificial intelligence is a branch of computer science that aims to understand the essence of intelligence and to produce new intelligent machines that respond in ways similar to human intelligence. Research in this field includes robotics, speech recognition, image recognition, natural language processing, and expert systems. Since its inception, AI’s theories and technologies have become increasingly mature, and its application areas continue to expand. It is conceivable that in the future, technological products brought by AI will serve as “containers” of human intelligence. Artificial intelligence is not human intelligence, but it can think like humans and may even surpass human intelligence.